Text 12837, 107 rader
Skriven 2008-03-14 12:48:41 av Roy Witt (1:397/22)
  Kommentar till text 12784 av Ward Dossche (2:292/854)
Ärende: The EU president
========================
14 Mar 08 08:37, Ward Dossche wrote to Roy Witt:

[Hawaii]

 RW>> It was a soveriegn nation before there was a revolution by Hawaiian
 RW>> born natives who deposed the Queen of Hawaii. It was an occupied
 RW>> territory because of the unrest afterwards.

 WD> Every excuse is a good-one

I'll wait to hear yours after reading the history of it.

 WD> mr.Dole requested troops to protect his private interests and
 WD> from there it spiraled out of hand.

In the UK, Unemployment Benefit has been known by the slang term 'the
dole' since WWI. This derives from the 'doling out', i.e. 'handing out' of
charitable payments...

[Back to Hawaii]

The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook is usually taken to be
Hawaii's first contact with European explorers. Cook plotted and published
the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands, so that they could
be found again. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of
one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, and reported the
native name as Owyhee.

Cook visited the Hawaiian islands twice. During his second visit-in
1779-he attempted to abduct a Hawaiian chief and hold him as ransom for
return of a ship's boat that was stolen by a different minor chief; the
chief's supporters fought back, and Cook was killed.

After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his
voyages, the Hawaiian islands received many European visitors: explorers,
traders, and eventually whalers who found the islands a convenient harbor
and source of fresh food. Early British influence can still be seen from
the design of the local Flag of Hawaii which has the British Union Flag in
the corner. As was usually the case, these visitors introduced diseases to
the formerly isolated islands, and the Hawaiian population plunged
precipitously. American missionaries arrived in 1820 and eventually
converted the chiefs and the remaining population to Protestant
Christianity.

During the 1780s and 1790s the chiefs were constantly fighting for
power. After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and forced cession of
the island of Kauai in 1810, all of the inhabited islands were subjugated
under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great.
He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the
kingdom until 1872.

The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V-who did not name an
heir-resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalakaua
(Kalakaua). After Lunalilo's death, in a hotly contested and allegedly
fraudulent election by the legislature in 1874 between Kalakaua and Emma
(which led to riots and the landing of U.S. and British troops to keep the
peace), governance was passed on to the House of Kalakaua.

In 1887, under the influence of Walter M. Gibson, a group of primarily
American and European businessmen, including kingdom subjects and members
of the Hawaiian government forced Kalakaua to sign the derisively
nicknamed "Bayonet Constitution" which stripped the king of administrative
authority, eliminated voting rights for Asians and set minimum income and
property requirements for American, European and native Hawaiian voters,
essentially limiting the electorate to wealthy elite Americans, Europeans
and native Hawaiians. King Kalakaua reigned until his death in 1891. His
sister, Liliuokalani (Lili?uokalani), succeeded him to the throne and
ruled until her overthrow in 1893.

In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani announced plans to establish a new
constitution that would have replaced the so-called "Bayonet Constitution"
that was established during the reign of King Kalakaua by American and
European residents under threat of violence. The new constitution would
have restored much power to the monarchy, but this was opposed by (mainly
foreign) business elites. On January 14, 1893, a group of American and
Europeans formed a Committee of Safety in opposition to the Queen, and
seized control of government. United States Government Minister John L.
Stevens, responding to a request from the Committee of Safety expressing
concern about possible violence directed against American citizens,
summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines to come ashore to enforce
neutrality. As one historian noted, the presence of these troops
effectively made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself.

The overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani was successful and the monarchy ended
in January 1893. It was replaced by a Provisional Government composed of
members of the Committee of Safety. There was much controversy in the
following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. The
administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount
Report, which concluded that the overthrow of Lili?uokalani was illegal.

The U.S. Government first demanded that Queen Lili?uokalani be reinstated,
but the Provisional Government refused. Congress responded to Cleveland's
referral with another investigation, and submitted the Morgan Report by
the U.S. Senate on February 26, 1894, which found all parties (including
Minister Stevens) with the exception of the queen "not guilty" from any
responsibility for the overthrow. The accuracy and impartiality of both
the Blount and Morgan reports has been questioned by partisans on both
sides of the historical debate over the events of 1893.

Note the absence of the name 'dole' in any of this history.

                R\%/itt



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