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Möte LINUX, 22002 texter
 lista första sista föregående nästa
Text 2216, 362 rader
Skriven 2005-02-05 18:22:00 av Pascal Schmidt (1:153/401.2)
Ärende: Linux FAQ (1/5)
=======================
   ----- xaa begins -----

  Linux FAQ
| Version: 05 Feb 2005 0.100
  Posted almost monthly on LINUX

+-+

  Table of Contents

  0.1    Introduction
  0.2    Copyright
  0.3    Contact
  0.4    Where to get the FAQ
  0.5    Structure of this document
  0.6    A short note on echo "rules"
  
  1      Introduction to Linux
  1.1    What is Unix?
| 1.2    What is Linux?
  1.3    What are distributions?
  1.3.1  What is the meaning of SuSE???
  1.4    Where can I get Linux?
  
  2      New users guide to the system
  2.1    How do I get started?
  2.1.1  Where do I find documentation?
  2.1.2  How do I?
  2.1.3  How do I get out?
  2.1.4  Useful programs for newbies
  2.2    What's all this file system business?
  2.2.1  How do I mount a drive?
  2.2.2  Is there a standard file system layout?
  2.2.3  What about my DOS/Windows/OS/2/... file systems?
  2.3    How do I manage packages on my system?
  2.3.1  RPM-based package management
  2.3.2  DEB-based package management
  2.3.3  TGZ-based package management
  2.4    I come from DOS. Is there a DOS-to-Linux command map?
  2.5    Is there a way NOT to type in silly long names like
         StarOffice.5.1.a.rev-2.i386.glib2.1-4.rpm?
  2.6    What about those permissions?
  2.7    What about Office software for Linux?
  
  3      What hardware does Linux need?
  3.1    Does my <insert-name-here> device run under Linux?
  3.2    Will my WinModem or WinPrinter run on Linux?
  3.3    Specific things
  3.3.1  How do I configure my sound card?
  3.3.2  What about large hard disks?
  3.3.3  How do I configure my parallel port?
  3.3.4  What about ISA PnP cards?
  3.3.5  How much RAM do I need to install Red Hat?
  
  4      Configuration issues
  4.1    How do I get internet access with Linux?
  4.2    Help! My prompt confuses me!
  4.3    How do I customize the bootup process?
  4.4    How do I turn the screen saver off?
  4.5    Help! The output of program <insert-name-here> just flies by!
  4.6    How do I handle those tar.gz files?
 
  5      References
  5.1    Software
  5.1.1  BBS packages
  5.1.2  Fidonet software
  5.1.3  Distributions
  5.2    Other info sources on the net
  5.3    Books

+-+

  0.1 Introduction
  
     This  is the Linux FAQ, the frequently asked questions list  of  the
     LINUX  echomail conference on FidoNet. It contains frequently  asked
     questions and answers, most taken from mails on the conference. This
     document is intended to be help to new users of Linux and the  LINUX
     echomail  area.  The FAQ does not try  to  answer  software-specific
     questions  -  there would be quite a lot of matter  to  cover.  Most
     things here refer to operating system and kernel issues.
     
     The original version of this document was written and maintained  by
 
         Francois Thunus, 2:270/25.2, francois(at)telematique(dot)org
 
     This version is in many parts based on his work, although I've taken
     the  freedom  to rewrite or omit a few parts. Speaking of me,  I  am
 
         Pascal Schmidt, 1:153/401.2, der.eremit@email.de
 
     and the maintainer of this FAQ for now.

|    In  the text version only, changes from the last version of the  FAQ
|    are indicated by pipe symbol on the left hand side of the text. This
|    also applies to the table of contents above, where all section  that
|    were changed are marked.
     
+-+

  0.2 Copyright
  
     I  assert copyright on this document. I encourage you to  distribute
     it widely, but only in its complete and original form and if you  do
     not  make any money out of it. I've taken some time  thinking  about
     making  the  FAQ GPLed, but I think this is not  necessary  or  even
     desireable for this FAQ.
     
     Note that if you print it out on paper, you may still charge for the
     paper... unless it's toilet paper or something. ;-)
     
+-+

  0.3 Contact
  
     If  you have any suggestions, bug reports, or questions and  answers
     you would like to see listed in this FAQ, feel free to send mail  to
     me or to the LINUX echo. My FidoNet address is
     
         1:153/401.2
         
     but you can also reach me via email at
     
         der.eremit@email.de
         
     Contributions and bug reports are welcome!

+-+

  0.4 Where to get the FAQ
  
     As  you are reading this now, you may already have gotten it by  one
     way or another. The FAQ is posted almost monthly in the Linux  echo,
     but this of course depends on the maintainer's spare time to do  the
     dirty  work. You can also get the FAQ by FidoNet file request,  with
     the magic name "Linuxfaq", from the following systems (purely  nume-
     rical order):
     
         1:13/25         Regional Mail Gate, Alexandria VA
         1:270/615       Tanstaafl BBS, Palmyra PA
         1:202/745       Ocean Beach BBS, Ocean Beach CA
         1:340/204       T-Shirt 'N Genes, Duncan BC
         2:206/145       The Gate, Knivsta
         2:270/25        CTServe, Luxembourg
         2:292/2219      Oriental BBS, Liege
         2:301/118       ( not on my nodelist %-| )
         3:640/891       Dog on Fire, Carseldine Qld Australia

     Please note that some of these file request addresses may no  longer
     be  available. Your FAQ maintainer does not have the possibility  to
     check file requests at the moment.
         
     Or by FTP from:
     
         ftp://ftp.telematique.org
         ftp://ftp.idkent.org
         
     Or by email:
     
          Send email to jim@idkent.com with "Linuxfaq" in the subject,  a
          copy will be sent to you by the autoresponder.
          
          Send  email to fileserv%tanstaaf@frackit.com and put a line  in
          the body of the message that says "get linuxfaq.zip" to get  an
          uuencoded version of the zip file.
          
     On the World Wide Web:
     
          http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~pharao90/faq/
          http://www.tzi.de/~pharao90/faq/
          http://www.idkent.com/~linux
          
     Please  do not send email to anybody listed in this FAQ asking  them
     to  send them the latest version. We have lives to live,  so  please
     try the methods listed above.
     
     If  the date at the top of this FAQ is more than a couple of  months
     in the distant past, there is probably a new version available.
     
+-+

  0.5 Structure of this document
  
     The first two parts of the FAQ describe in general what Linux is and
     then give a brief overview over the system. Then we enter the  realm
     of  hardware installation and configuration, take a  brief  sidestep
     into  software  configuration, and finally give a few  pointers  for
     further reading.
     
     Don't  take this as gospel, though. There may be a few  oddities  in
     this  ordering,  and some things might ever fall completely  out  of
     order. I'm only human. :)

+-+

  0.6 A short note on echo "rules"

     You  are  of course free and even invited to join  us on  the  LINUX
     echomail area. If you have questions about Linux, there are a lot of
     people  there  that can try to help you. Be  warned,  however,  that
     asking  questions already answered in this FAQ may or may not  be  a
     wise  thing to do. The response will depend on general mood  of  the
     person questioned, and also, of course, on the phase of the moon.
     
     The usual "netiquette" for FidoNet applies - do not annoy others and
     try  not to be easily annoyed yourself. This seems to be an  obvious
     principle for communicating with people, but there still seem to  be
     a few of us around who haven't yet heard it.
     
     One thing about quoting (that is, including parts of the message you
     are  answering  to) - please try to keep only those parts  of  other
     messages which are needed to understand what you are saying/writing.
     Short messages stand a better chance to be read than those rivalling
     the bible in length.

     Remember the "think first - then send mail" rule!
     
+-+

  1. Introduction to Linux
  
     Now we start with the important and interesting part of the FAQ.  ;)
     Here you'll find an overview over Unix/Linux in general.
     
+-+
     
  1.1 What is Unix?

     Contributed by: Francois Thunus

     Unix  is  one of the first portable(*) operating  systems that  were
     created.  It  was based on a project called "Multics"  in  the  late
     60s.  The first Unix version was created in 1969 at the  AT&T  labs.
     Unix  is  therefore a mature OS (Operating System)  which  has  been
     around  for  about 30 years. The OS itself is text-based,  but  most
     version  include a graphical layer, called X Window. The  OSes  that
     were  developed  afterwards more or less heavily borrowed  from  the
     features of Unix. Unix had multi-tasking and multi-user capabilities
     right  from  the beginning. Other popular OSes include  DOS,  MacOS,
     OS/2,  NeXT,  TOS, and Windows NT. X was developped  by  the  Athena
     Project  at the MIT and DEC. The current version is 11,  revision  6
     (X11R6), from April 1994. The X Window system is the property of the
     X Consortium, but a free clone called XFree86 is  often  distributed
     along with Linux.
     
     (*) the first one written in C
     
+-+
     
  1.2 What is Linux?
  
     Contributed by: Francois Thunus
  
     Linux is a free Unix-like system. Unlike FreeBSD or 386BSD which are
     based  on the Berkeley distribution of Unix, Linux started its  life
     based  on Minix, a free Unix implementation for the Intel  platform.
|    Version  1 was released in May 1994. The current version is  2.6.10.
     The  numbering  scheme works like this: first digit  is  the  major,
     second number is the minor version number. The third number  denotes
     intermediate releases, which contain only bugfixes or small  feature
     additions and updates. If the minor version is even, it is a  stable
     version  of Linux, with odd numbers indicating development  versions
     (those  are not always safe to use and may have disastrous  bugs  in
     them).  Currently, there is no development version as 2.6 is  fairly
     fresh and the developers are still working on making it better.  The
     idea is to delay starting the 2.7 development cycle until  something
     major comes up.

     When  asking questions on the echo, it may sometimes be a good  idea
     to tell the people what Linux version you are running. You can  look
     it up with the command
     
         uname -r

     Linux now exists in various stages of development for the DEC Alpha,
     SGI  (MIPS processors), the PowerPC, the Motorola 680x0  chips,  and
     many other systems. Consequently, this means you can make Linux  run
     on a PC, but also on a Mac, an Amiga, or an Atari machine. There  is
     a  special  version  of Linux called ELKS that will  work  on  Intel
     machines  with  8086/80186/80286 processors (Linux itself  needs  at
     least an 80386). There are also Linux ports for the USR palmtop  and
     the Psion 5.

     The Linux project was started by Linus Torvalds from Finland,  hence
     the  name.  Linux  is free (as in free speech) and  comes  with  its
     source code.

+-+
  
  1.3 What are Distributions?
     
     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt, Martin Prieto
     
     It is possible to get a Linux system running entirely from  scratch.
     This involves getting all the source codes, compiling them,  putting
     all the programs into the right place and so on... so this is  some-
     thing almost nobody would want to do just to get an operating system
     to run.

     This  is where the distributors come in. They collect all the  stuff
     needed  to  make a Linux system, put it all on one  (or more)  CD(s)
     with  a nice installer program, and sell or give the end  result  to
     you. The end result is what we call a Linux distribution. There  are
     both  free and commercial ones. Some are very small, some quite  big
     (SuSE now comes on DVD!). They are all quite different.
     
     What  distribution  is best is a question not  easily  answered.  It
     depends  a  great deal on what you want to do with your  system  and
     how  much  work you want to spend on it. The question  itself  often
     leads to holy wars rivalling those held over editor preference  (The
     number one reason for holy wars in the Unix community).

     One thing that might be suggested to Linux newcomers is to find  out
     what  the local Linux gurus in your area are using. Then try to  get
     the same distribution. Your fellow users will then be familiar  with
     the way your system is set up, and can help you a lot easier.

     Chosing a distribution to run is quite an important choice. You will
     likely stick with the one you choose for quite a long time, so  make
     sure  you  pick  the right one for you. Of course,  you  can  always
     switch to another distribution later - but once you got used to  the
     way  one  distribution handles things, you will probably  have  some
     initial difficulties when you change distribution.
     
     What distribution you are using can also be an information of  great
     value when you ask questions on the Linux echo! ;)

+-+
 
  1.3.1 What is the meaning of SuSE???

     Contributed by: Francois Thunus
 
     SuSE  was known as S.u.S.E. before, and this makes it  more  obvious
     that it is just another acronym. It stands for "Software und  System
     Entwicklung". That's German for those who haven't noticed by now. An
     English equivalent would be "Software and System Development".

+-+

  1.4 Where can I get Linux?

     Contributed by: Francois Thunus

     There  is a multitude of sources for Linux. Many  magazines  include
     one  version or another, once in a while, on their accompanying  CD.
     Many  shops  carry Linux on CDs, which may be easier  for  a  start.
     Otherwise there is the internet, or some BBSes. Linuxcentral.com  is
     cheap  and  reliable. It also features a 4 CD  archive  which  saves
     hours of internet hunting and downloading.
     
+-+

2 New users guide to the system

     In  this  section you'll find an overview of how  to  start  getting
     used  to Linux. This includes pointers of where to find help on  the
     system,  what  programs might come in handy for new users,  and  how
   ----- xaa ends -----

--- Msged/LNX 6.1.1
 * Origin: Linux kernel 2.4.29-skas3 on Slackware 10.0 (1:153/401.2)