Tillbaka till svenska Fidonet
English   Information   Debug  
IC   0/2851
INTERNET   0/424
INTERUSER   0/3
IP_CONNECT   719
JAMNNTPD   0/233
JAMTLAND   0/47
KATTY_KORNER   0/41
LAN   0/16
LINUX-USER   0/19
LINUXHELP   0/1155
LINUX   0/22002
LINUX_BBS   0/957
mail   18.68
mail_fore_ok   249
MENSA   0/341
MODERATOR   0/102
MONTE   0/992
MOSCOW_OKLAHOMA   0/1245
MUFFIN   0/783
MUSIC   0/321
N203_STAT   894
N203_SYSCHAT   313
NET203   321
NET204   69
NET_DEV   0/10
NORD.ADMIN   0/101
NORD.CHAT   0/2572
NORD.FIDONET   189
NORD.HARDWARE   0/28
NORD.KULTUR   0/114
NORD.PROG   0/32
NORD.SOFTWARE   0/88
NORD.TEKNIK   0/58
NORD   0/453
OCCULT_CHAT   0/93
OS2BBS   0/787
OS2DOSBBS   0/580
OS2HW   0/42
OS2INET   0/37
OS2LAN   0/134
OS2PROG   0/36
OS2REXX   0/113
OS2USER-L   207
OS2   0/4779
OSDEBATE   0/18996
PASCAL   0/490
PERL   0/457
PHP   0/45
POINTS   0/405
POLITICS   0/29554
POL_INC   0/14731
PSION   103
R20_ADMIN   1117
R20_AMATORRADIO   0/2
R20_BEST_OF_FIDONET   13
R20_CHAT   0/893
R20_DEPP   0/3
R20_DEV   399
R20_ECHO2   1379
R20_ECHOPRES   0/35
R20_ESTAT   0/719
R20_FIDONETPROG...
...RAM.MYPOINT
  0/2
R20_FIDONETPROGRAM   0/22
R20_FIDONET   0/248
R20_FILEFIND   0/24
R20_FILEFOUND   0/22
R20_HIFI   0/3
R20_INFO2   2632
R20_INTERNET   0/12940
R20_INTRESSE   0/60
R20_INTR_KOM   0/99
R20_KANDIDAT.CHAT   42
R20_KANDIDAT   28
R20_KOM_DEV   112
R20_KONTROLL   0/13030
R20_KORSET   0/18
R20_LOKALTRAFIK   0/24
R20_MODERATOR   0/1852
R20_NC   76
R20_NET200   245
R20_NETWORK.OTH...
...ERNETS
  0/13
R20_OPERATIVSYS...
...TEM.LINUX
  0/44
R20_PROGRAMVAROR   0/1
R20_REC2NEC   534
R20_SFOSM   0/340
R20_SF   0/108
R20_SPRAK.ENGLISH   0/1
R20_SQUISH   107
R20_TEST   2
R20_WORST_OF_FIDONET   12
RAR   0/9
RA_MULTI   106
RA_UTIL   0/162
REGCON.EUR   0/2055
REGCON   0/13
SCIENCE   0/1206
SF   0/239
SHAREWARE_SUPPORT   0/5146
SHAREWRE   0/14
SIMPSONS   0/169
STATS_OLD1   0/2539.065
STATS_OLD2   0/2530
STATS_OLD3   0/2395.095
STATS_OLD4   0/1692.25
SURVIVOR   0/495
SYSOPS_CORNER   0/3
SYSOP   0/84
TAGLINES   0/112
TEAMOS2   0/4530
TECH   0/2617
TEST.444   0/105
TRAPDOOR   0/19
TREK   0/755
TUB   0/290
UFO   0/40
UNIX   0/1316
USA_EURLINK   0/102
USR_MODEMS   0/1
VATICAN   0/2740
VIETNAM_VETS   0/14
VIRUS   0/378
VIRUS_INFO   0/201
VISUAL_BASIC   0/473
WHITEHOUSE   0/5187
WIN2000   0/101
WIN32   0/30
WIN95   0/4275
WIN95_OLD1   0/70272
WINDOWS   0/1517
WWB_SYSOP   0/419
WWB_TECH   0/810
ZCC-PUBLIC   0/1
ZEC   4

 
4DOS   0/134
ABORTION   0/7
ALASKA_CHAT   0/506
ALLFIX_FILE   0/1313
ALLFIX_FILE_OLD1   0/7997
ALT_DOS   0/152
AMATEUR_RADIO   0/1039
AMIGASALE   0/14
AMIGA   0/331
AMIGA_INT   0/1
AMIGA_PROG   0/20
AMIGA_SYSOP   0/26
ANIME   0/15
ARGUS   0/924
ASCII_ART   0/340
ASIAN_LINK   0/651
ASTRONOMY   0/417
AUDIO   0/92
AUTOMOBILE_RACING   0/105
BABYLON5   0/17862
BAG   135
BATPOWER   0/361
BBBS.ENGLISH   0/382
BBSLAW   0/109
BBS_ADS   0/5290
BBS_INTERNET   0/507
BIBLE   0/3563
BINKD   0/1119
BINKLEY   0/215
BLUEWAVE   0/2173
CABLE_MODEMS   0/25
CBM   0/46
CDRECORD   0/66
CDROM   0/20
CLASSIC_COMPUTER   0/378
COMICS   0/15
CONSPRCY   0/899
COOKING   27611
COOKING_OLD1   0/24719
COOKING_OLD2   0/40862
COOKING_OLD3   0/37489
COOKING_OLD4   0/35496
COOKING_OLD5   9370
C_ECHO   0/189
C_PLUSPLUS   0/31
DIRTY_DOZEN   0/201
DOORGAMES   0/1974
DOS_INTERNET   0/196
duplikat   5999
ECHOLIST   0/18295
EC_SUPPORT   0/318
ELECTRONICS   0/359
ELEKTRONIK.GER   1534
ENET.LINGUISTIC   0/13
ENET.POLITICS   0/4
ENET.SOFT   0/11701
ENET.SYSOP   33774
ENET.TALKS   0/32
ENGLISH_TUTOR   0/2000
EVOLUTION   0/1335
FDECHO   0/217
FDN_ANNOUNCE   0/7068
FIDONEWS   23439
FIDONEWS_OLD1   0/49742
FIDONEWS_OLD2   0/35949
FIDONEWS_OLD3   0/30874
FIDONEWS_OLD4   0/37224
FIDO_SYSOP   12841
FIDO_UTIL   0/180
FILEFIND   0/209
FILEGATE   0/212
FILM   0/18
FNEWS_PUBLISH   4155
FN_SYSOP   41520
FN_SYSOP_OLD1   71952
FTP_FIDO   0/2
FTSC_PUBLIC   0/13562
FUNNY   0/4886
GENEALOGY.EUR   0/71
GET_INFO   105
GOLDED   0/408
HAM   0/16041
HOLYSMOKE   0/6791
HOT_SITES   0/1
HTMLEDIT   0/71
HUB203   466
HUB_100   264
HUB_400   39
HUMOR   0/29
Möte LINUX, 22002 texter
 lista första sista föregående nästa
Text 600, 332 rader
Skriven 2004-09-02 18:37:28 av Pascal Schmidt (1:153/401.2)
Ärende: Linux FAQ (2/5)
=======================
   ----- xab begins -----
     Linux  handles  file  systems. File systems are  one  of  the  areas
     where  Unix  and Linux concepts differ a lot from what  people  know
     from DOS or Windows-like systems.

+-+

  2.1 How do I get started?

     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt
  
     Getting  started is one of the most difficult parts on Linux. A  lot
     of people have complained of not knowing anything, for example,  how
     to  list  a directory? The Linux console can be  a  frightening  and
     strange  place  at first. Don't let this scare you  off.  There  are
     several  good GUIs (Graphical User Interface) available  for  Linux,
     and most distributions install one by default. Try finding your  way
     on the GUI first. It is easier to read documentation there and  then
     dive  down to the console level once you think you have  started  to
     get a grip.

     Some  distribution come with paper documentation that tries to  help
     new users with Linux. Read it, most of it seems to be quite  usable.
     You  can also check your distribution's CD - some of them  have  the
     HTML  version of their documentation stored on the disk, so you  can
     read  some  of it before you even begin  installing  Linux.  Reading 
     documentation is something you will find yourself doing quite  often
     as a new linux user.

+-+
  
  2.1.1 Where do I find documentation?

     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt

     One  of the better sources of information you may find installed  on
     your  Linux system are the HOWTO documents. These are maintained  by
     the LDP (Linux Documentation Project), are written by fellow  users,
     and  explain (often in astonishing detail) how to set up  things  on
     your  Linux  system. You may already have them  installed  somewhere
     under  the /usr/doc directory. There is a series of  HOWTOs  written
     for people with experience in other operating systems - for example,
     the DOS-to-Linux-HOWTO. Read this if there is one for your  previous
     OS.

     Other  useful  information about commands can be found  in  the  man
     pages. There is one for most commands available on the console.  For
     example, try
     
         man ls
         
     to  see the man page for the ls command. The man pages can be  very
     technical  and  difficult to understand - but once  you  know  what
     program you want to use, the man page to that program will  usually
     helps  a lot. If you don't know what you want to use, you  can  try
     apropos  or whatis. They will give you a list  of man  pages  which
     contain a keyword which you specifiy. Example:
     
       apropos directory
       
     This  will print out a list of man pages with short summaries,  all
     about programs that deal with directories. If this command  doesn't
     seem  to  work  for you, you probably need to  run  the  makewhatis
     command first. Do this as the root user (system administrator).  It
     will generate the database that apropos and whatis use.

     Info  pages are very similar to man pages, but  include  hyperlinks
     and other nifty add-ons. ;) You can try
     
         info tar
         
     for an example. Be warned: the normal info reader is considered  to
     be  one  of the most user-unfriendly programs around. You  can  run
     info  without arguments to get a table of all the info  pages  that
     are installed on your system.

     If  this  all doesn't help you very much, try  looking  around  the
     directory  structure  below /usr/doc. Maybe you will find  lots  of
     interesting  documentation  there. Of course, if you start  to  get
     lost,  you  could also try asking a question or two  on  the  LINUX
     echo. ;)

     There may also be local Linux-related echomail conferences in  your
     area, check them out.

     For questions related to running a BBS under Linux, you may want to
     know about the LINUX_BBS echo. Give it a try.

+-+

  2.1.2 How do I?

     Contributed by: L. Lucier, Francois Thunus, Pascal Schmidt
     
     How do I shut down my system?
     
         As with most advanced operating systems, it's not a wise  thing
         to simply power down the computer while Linux is still running.
         There  is a lot of disk caching going on, and you might end  up
         losing valuable data. Use the shutdown command. See the manpage
         for the syntax. There are often two symbolic links
         
             halt
             
         and
         
             reboot
             
         that do the obvious things.
         
     
     How do I find out things about my system?
     
        uname -a             gives the version of your operating system
        ldconfig -v          gives a list of installed libraries
        env                  lists the current environment
        cat /proc/cpuinfo    lists info about your CPU
        cat /proc/meminfo    the same for memory
        free                 also lists memory, but is easier to read
        lsmod                lists what kernel modules are loaded
        df                   lists free disk space for all file systems
        ps -fax              lists running processes
        find / -name "x"     tries to find the file named x
        whereis "x"          does the same, using a database
        locate "x"           same as whereis
        updatedb             creates/updates the database for whereis
                             and locate (do this as root)
                             
        Some  of these may not be on the $PATH for ordinary  users.  You
        can still use them, but need to type the full path. For example,
        to run lsmod, you may need to type:
        
            /sbin/lsmod
  
+-+

  2.1.3 How do I get out?
  
        Contributed by: L. Lucier, Francois Thunus
        
        On Linux, it it sometimes possible to be stuck inside a  program
        without  knowing  how to quit the damn thing! Standard  keys  to
        try in such a situation are:

            Ctrl-Z           this suspends a process
            Ctrl-D           end-of-file character
            q                for less, man and others
            <esc>:q!         this quits vi
            Ctrl-X Ctrl-C    this quits emacs
            F10              for mc and similar programs
            Ctrl-C           on console, will stop the current process

        If  you are running X Window and need to shut it  down,  thereby
        killing all X Window programs, you an press  Ctrl-Alt-Backspace.
        This  will terminate the X server (this can be disabled, but  on
        most systems will be available).

+-+

  2.1.4 Useful programs for newbies
  
        Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt
        
        This section lists a few program which are considered very nice
        tools  by  the  echo community, and show up  in  posting  quite
        frequently.
        
        mtools
        
            The mtools are a suite of program which make access to  DOS-
            formatted  floppies easier. To access a floppy with  mtools,
            simply put an "m" in front of the command you know from DOS.
            For example,
            
                mdir a:
               
            will  list  the directory for the first floppy  drive.  This
            works for almost all DOS commands. For the usual Unix way to
            deal with DOS floppies, see the section on mounting, below.
           
        Midnight Commander (mc)
        
            The  Midnight Commander comes in very handly for people  who
            are  used  to  programs like  Norton  Commander  or  Windows
            Commander.  mc behaves like those programs, which  makes  it
            very  easy  to navigate along the  directory  structure  and
            deal  with  files. The internal editor of mc  is  also  very
            close to the way DOS editors work. Most normal Unix  editors
            can  be  difficult to use for the unexperienced. ;)  mc  has
            lots  of  features, such as looking into  archive  files  or
            connecting to ftp servers. Type in
            
                mc
                
            to  see  if  you  like it. Other tools  which  are  somewhat
            similar  are  GIT  and Ytree (which is  close  to  being  an
            xtree-gold clone).
  
+-+

  2.2 What's all this file system business?
  
     Contributed by: Francois Thunus, Pascal Schmidt

     If you used DOS or Windows before, you will be used to  have  drive
     letters  (A:, C:, and so on) for your partitions and  disk  drives.
     This  is not true for Linux. Linux presents one directory  tree  to
     the  user. Instead of having different drive letters for  different
     devices,  you can mount other devices on directories. The  contents
     of  that  device are then visible in that directory.  For  example,
     let's  say you have a directory called /mnt/cdrom, which is  empty.
     You  also have a CD with the directory "backup" on it. If  you  now
     mount the CD on /mnt/cdrom, you will see the "backup" directory  as
     /mnt/cdrom/backup, inserted into the normal directory tree.
  
+-+
  
  2.2.1 How do I mount a drive?

     Contributed by: Francois Thunus, Pascal Schmidt

     To mount a file system, you will need to know three parameters: the
     device the file system is on, the directory where you want to mount
     it, and the type of the file system. The latter one can be  guessed
     by the mount command, but it is considered to be more safe to  give
     it on the command line. The basic syntax for mount it:
     
         mount -t type /dev/the_device /the/mountpoint
         
     Take  a look at "man mount" for a listing of possible  file  system
     types.  For  example,  if you wanted to mount a DOS  disk  in  your
     first floppy drive on /floppy, you would type
     
         mount -t fat /dev/fd0 /floppy
         
     This  works because /dev/fd0 is the name of the first floppy  drive
     under  Linux. /dev/fd1 is the second one. There are also  qualified
     names  like  /dev/fd0u1440,  which also specify  the  exact  floppy
     type used. This is normally autodetected on 3.5" drives, but if you
     have  strange  hardware, you may need to give one of  those  device
     names to mount.

     Unmounting  a device is done with the umount (note the  absence  of
     the  "n"  in the name) command. This takes the device name  OR  the
     mount  point as its parameter. IMPORTANT: never eject  a  removable
     medium before you have unmounted it! Linux caches write  operations
     in  memory, so you may end up with incorrect data on the disk  when
     you eject it without unmounting first.
  
+-+  
  
  2.2.2 Is there a standard file system layout?

     Contributed by: Ed Suda, Francois Thunus, Sune Stjerneby, Pascal
                     Schmidt, Martin van Beilen

     There  is a standard for file system layout under Linux called  the
     Filesystem  Hierarchy Standard (FHS), but this is  not  implemented
     by  all distributions. Sometimes there are even large  differences.
     So  please  take this overview as a hint only. Your system  may  be
     different.

         /bin             binaries required for booting, also accessible
                          by normal users afterwards (example: ls)
         /boot            various files used during booting, including
                          the kernel
         /dev             device files (used for I/O)
         /etc             configuration files
         /etc/rc.d        more configuration files related to system
                          initialization
         /home            user's home directories
         /lib             system libraries
         /proc            a virtual directory which contains information
                          files from the kernel itself
         /root            the home directory of the root user
         /sbin            system administration commands for bootup,
                          usable mainly by root
         /tmp             temporary files
         /usr             the normal user system, including binaries,
                          nearly all the stuff not needed on booting
         /usr/local       contains the same hierarchy as /usr, but is
                          meant for locally installed programs (that did
                          not come with the distribution, for example)
         /opt             similar to /usr/local, but often used for big
                          packages (like Netscape)
         /var             variable data - the idea was/is: only var
                          needs to be mounted read/write. What about
                          /home, I hear someone scream? Well, /var/users
                          was/is also a location used for user homes.
                          
     You may also have a man page on your system that describes the file
     system layout in more detail. Just try:
     
         man 7 hier
         
     If you have internet access, you can download the FHS at:

         http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
  
+-+
  
  2.2.3 What about my DOS/Windows/OS/2/... file systems?
  
     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt, Francois Thunus
     
     Linux can read a lot of foreign file system formats. These include
     the DOS fat system, its Windows successors called vfat and  fat32,
     the  OS/2  HPFS,  even the Windows NT NTFS. This is only  a  small
     subset,  there are a lot more. For some systems, such as HPFS  and
     NTFS,  Linux can only read the file system, not write to it.  This
     may and will change with newer kernel versions coming out.

     As Linux also exists on hardware platforms different from the  PC,
     there  is also support for some file system not commonly found  in
     PCs (and not supported by most operating systems): the hfs  system
     used by the Macintosh computers and the affs used on the Amiga are
     just examples.
     
+-+

  2.3 How do I manage packages on my system?
 
     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt

     Package  management is one of the main concepts in a modern  Linux
     distribution.  A package is a piece of software  bundled  together
     with  dependency  information  (what other  packages  need  to  be
     installed  for  the  package  to  work),  install  and   uninstall
   ----- xab ends -----

--- Msged/LNX 6.1.1
 * Origin: Priority override. Tears of Ra. (1:153/401.2)