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Möte LINUX, 22002 texter
 lista första sista föregående nästa
Text 601, 311 rader
Skriven 2004-09-02 18:37:48 av Pascal Schmidt (1:153/401.2)
Ärende: Linux FAQ (3/5)
=======================
   ----- xac begins -----
     instructions, and a list of files that belong to the package.  The
     package  manager software of the distribution keeps track  of  all
     that  information.  By use of the package manager, it is  easy  to
     install  and uninstall software, and uninstalling  usually  leaves
     no  trace of the package ever being installed on the  system.  The
     package  manager  also  checks  dependencies  when  a  package  is
     installed, so that the user gets to know when something is missing
     that the package needs.

     Different  kinds  of  packages and package managers  are  used  on
     different  distributions. One way to classify them is by the  file
     name extensions used by the package files:
     
     .rpm - these are files for the Red Hat Package Manager (RPM), used
            on Red Hat and other RPM-based distributions
     .deb - these are files for the dpkg package manager used on Debian
            and Debian-based distributions
     .tgz - these  are binary tar/gz archives used by the pkg tools  on
            Slackware and Slackware-based distributions

     Some  distributions don't use package management. Consult the docs
     of your distribution to find out what kind of packages it uses, if
     any. A special case are the so-called source based  distributions:
     these compile the whole system from sources and are generally  not
     based on binary packages.

     An  incomplete list of RPM-based distributions: Red Hat, Mandrake,
     SuSE, Lycoris, Yellow Dog, Ark.
     
     An  incomplete list of DEB-based distributions:  Debian,  Lindows,
     Libranet,  Xandros  (former  Corel),  Knoppix,  Gnoppix,  Morphix,
     Mepis, Damn Small Linux.
     
     An  incomplete list of TGZ-based distributions: Slackware,  Yoper,
     Vector.

     An  incomplete list of source-based distributions: Gentoo,  Lunar,
     Onebase, Rock Linux, Sorcerer, SourceMage, Linux From Scratch.

+-+

  2.3.1 RPM-based package management
  
     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt

     As RPM seems to be very common in today's distributions, here is a
     short overview on the basic commands:
     
         rpm -ivh foo-1.0.i386.rpm      install package foo
         rpm -Uvh foo-1.1.i386.rpm      upgrade foo
         rpm -e foo                     get rid of foo
         rpm -q foo                     check if foo is installed
         rpm -qa                        list all installed packages
         rpm -qi foo                    what the heck is that foo?
         rpm -ql foo                    what files are from foo?
         rpm -qd foo                    what documentation comes with
                                        foo?
         rpm -qc foo                    where are the configuration
                                        files of foo?
         rpm -qf /some/file             what package is /some/file from?

     Most  of  these work for ordinary users, but install  and  upgrade
     require superuser (root) privileges.

+-+

  2.3.2 DEB-based package management
   
     Contributed by: Francois Thunus, Pascal Schmidt, Russell Tiedt
   
     Distributions  using  the dpkg package manager usually  also  come
     with  the apt frontend that automates many tasks that dpkg  cannot
     handle  on its own. For example, if a package you want to  install
     has  some  dependencies  that you don't have  installed,  apt  can
     automatically download and install the needed additional  packages
     for you. Some basic dpkg/apt commands:
      
         dpkg -i foo.deb                install package foo
         dpkg -r foo                    remove package foo
         dpkg -l                        list installed packages
         dpkg -l | grep foo             is package foo installed?
         dpkg -L foo                    list files from package foo
         dpkg -S /some/file             what package is /some/file from?
 
         apt-get install foo            install package foo
         apt-get remove foo             remove package foo
         apt-get update                 download fresh package list
         apt-get dist-upgrade           install available upgrades
 
         apt-cache pkgnames             list installed packages
         apt-cache dumpavail            list available packages
         apt-cache search <keyword>     find package by keyword
         apt-cache show foo             show information about foo
 
     Package installation and removal, and the update and  dist-upgrade
     commands of apt-get only work for the superuser (root).

+-+

  2.3.3 TGZ-based package management
  
     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt
     
     Here  is a list of the most basic package management commands  for
     use on Slackware/TGZ-based distributions:

         installpkg foo.tgz             install package foo
         upgradepkg foo.tgz             upgrade package foo
         removepkg foo                  remove package foo

     All  require superuser (root) privileges. A menu-driven  interface
     to package management is provided by the "pkgtool" application.

+-+

  2.4 I come from DOS. Is there a DOS-to-Linux command map?
  
     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt
  
     There  is. Look for the DOS-to-Linux HOWTO, probably installed  in
     /usr/doc/HOWTO  on your system. There actually was such a list  in
     this  FAQ (contributed by Pasi Jaernstedt), but I chose to  remove
     it because the one in the HOWTO does the same thing and is  easily
     available on most/all distributions.

+-+

  2.5 Is there a way NOT to type in silly long names like
      StarOffice.5.1.a.rev-2.i386.glib2.1-4.rpm
      
     Contributed by: Francois Thunus, Pascal Schmidt
 
     When  using bash (the Linux default) or tcsh as shell,  there  is.
     For  the example, simply type in "Star" and then hit the TAB  key.
     You only need to type in as much of the filename as is needed to
     make it unique. If you press TAB when there are still multiple
     choices possible, the shell will either beep or print out all the
     possible filenames. If it beeps, simply press TAB again to get the
     list.
 
     This also works at the start of the command line for commands. Try
     typing in "a" and then hitting TAB once or twice. This will show a
     list of commands starting with "a".

+-+

  2.6    What about those permissions?
  
    Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt
    
    Most  Unix  filesystems and also the ext2 filesystem  used  on  most
    Linux  system offer permissions which can limit access to files  and
    directories  in  numerous ways. To the filesystem, there  are  three
    seperate  "groups" that can access a file: the owner, the group  and
    all  others. Each of these three can have read, write and/or execute
    permission on a file or directory. The permission are often  written
    down as a sequence of nine characters like this:
    
        rwxrw-r--
        
    The  first three letters indicate the permissions the owner  of  the
    file  has,  the second three the permissions of the group  the  file
    belongs  to, and the last three show the permissions that all  other
    users on the system have. A dash means this particular permission is
    not set. A file with full permissions for all would have:
    
        rwxrwxrwx
        
    You  can  see  the owner and group of a file or directory  with  the
    command "ls -l". You can change them with the "chown" and/or "chgrp"
    commands. The permissions themselves can be changed with "chmod".
    
    One thing that may be confusing about permissions is that there is a
    different representation for them using numbers. In that system, "x"
    is 1, "w" is 2, and "r" is 4. The permissions of a file  can then be
    given  as a number triplet, with each individual  number  indicating
    the permissions for one of the three different "groups". If you have
    something  like "rwx", this is handled by adding the  relevant  num-
    bers,  in this case 4+2+1=7. This means "rwxrwxrwx" is the  same  as
    777, and "rwxrw-r--" is 764.
    
    What  the permissions mean is different for files  and  directories.
    For  files, "r" allows to read the contents of the file, "w"  allows
    to write to the file, and "x" marks a file as executable  (different
    from  Windows, where the extension of a file decides whether  it  is
    executable). For directories, "r" allows listing the directory  with
    the command "ls", "w" allows creating new files and deleting  files,
    and  "x"  allows  to enter the directory with "cd".  Note  that  "w"
    permission  on  a directory is enough to be able to delete  a  file.
    People  often assume you cannot delete a file you do not have  write
    permission to, but this is wrong.

+-+

  2.7 What about Office software for Linux?

    Contributed by: Francois Thunus
  
    Note:  StarOffice is superceded by OpenOffice, at OpenOffice.org.  I 
    have an extensive experience of StarOffice both under Linux and under
    OS/2.  As far as StarOffice 5.2 is concerned, I'll say one  thing:  I
    took it OUT and went back to 5.1. The main reason is that 5.2 is  WAY
    slower  than 5.2 (on a 64Megs station, don't even dream  about  using
    5.2  unless you have a lot of spare time). 5.1 _can_ be used on a  64
    Meg station after initial load time.

    My  experience  is limited to StarWriter, I have  absolutely  no  ex-
    perience  whatsoever of StarCalc, the spreadsheet module.  StarWriter
    is very compatible with word. You can easily read docyments, and  you 
    can save in winword 6.0, word95, or word97,  a feature which, by  the
    way,  was taken OUT of 5.2 and subsequent version, or if it still  is
    there,  it's well hidden. As far as we are concerned (the whole  com-
    pany  runs  under Linux), its capabilities are  sufficient  for  most
    documents  EXCEPT when they use strange fonts. We keep one dual  boot
    machine for such cases with a copy of word, and use it mostly to read
    the doc and re-save it in another format (99% of the time rtf).

    As far as gnumerics is concerned, it is compatible enough for me, who
    never uses a spreadsheet :-) All I need is to visualize data sent  by
    others.  I  have had one problem with a formula not  recognized,  but
    that's  about as far as it goes. gnumerics saves in a lot of  format,
    including xml (native), html, and Excel95.

    Three other possibilities worth mentionning: AbiWord also reads  most
    Word documents, but sometimes loses some formatting on complex  docs.
    It  will  do for most of the people's need. It doesn't  save  in  doc
    format  but saves in 2 rtf formats and a LOT of others. This  weights
    only  3 megs, as opposed to the several hundred for  StarOffice,  but
    it's only a wp.

    Hancomm.com  (or  is  it hancom.com ?), a korean  company  which  has
    developed  a  suite compatible with Office. I liked most  their  pre-
    sentation  module,  but their wordprocessor fares ok too.  I  haven't
    tested their spreadsheet.

    Finally, there is WordPerfect 8.0 which can also read word documents.
    The  main problem with WP8 is that its rtf support is a  joke,  which
    limits a lot the exchanges with anything else since it doesn't  write
    the word format.

    There  is  also the koffice and Siag suites, but I have  never  tried
    them.

+-+
  
  3 What hardware does Linux need?

     Contributed by: Francois Thunus

     Linux  needs  a 386 with 4 megabyte of memory. If you want  a  Unix
     system on an 8088/80286, you will have to use ELKS (Embedded  Linux
     Kernel  Subset)  or Minix. However, this is the minimum  to  get  a
     running  system. This doesn't mean that it is actually fun to  work
     with. In particular, if you intend to work with X Window, you  will
     need to have more RAM if possible, or a big swap file.

     Note  that Slackware is the only distribution that will  still  in-
     stall  on  a system with only 4 megabytes of  memory.  Most  modern
     distributions  need at least 8 megabytes to install. However,  once
     the  install is done, and provided you have enough swap space,  you
     can go back down to 4 megabytes.
  
+-+
  
  3.1 Does my <insert-name-here> device run under Linux?
 
     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt
     
     A  good  place  to start looking if you want to know  whether  some
     piece  of hardware will work with Linux is the  Hardware-HOWTO.  It
     lists a lot of hardware for which Linux drivers exist. It may  help
     if  you know what kind of chip is used on your  particular  device.
     Sometimes  the HOWTO will just say "devices with this or that  chip
     should work", so you better know what you have at hand. ;)
 
     As  Linux  is becoming more and more popular, some  companies  have
     begun  to write Linux drivers of their own for their hardware.  You
     will sometimes find information on such drivers on the homepages of
     hardware  companies.  Or just send them email. Even if  they  don't
     have Linux drivers available, it may be a good thing to remind them
     that  there  are Linux users out there who may want  to  use  their
     products.
  
+-+
  
  3.2 Will my WinModem or WinPrinter run on Linux?

     Contributed by: Pascal Schmidt, Francois Thunus
                     
     There  are hardware devices called WinModems or  WinPrinters  which
     are  not  very likely to work with Linux. These  devices  generally
     are  dirt cheap, and use up a lot of the CPU power of your  machine
     to do their work. In the case of a WinModem, the  digital-to-analog
     encoding  will  not  be done by the modem, but  by  your  computer.
     Most people wouldn't call such a device a modem, but marketing  has
     decided to label them so.

     There  are two problems with that kind of hardware: first  of  all,
     there is almost no standard for them, so it's not possible to write
     a  standard  driver  for WinModems. Also, some/most  of  the  manu-
     facturers  keep the inner workings of their "modems" a secret.  The
     second  problem  is  that such drivers would need to  run  at  very
     accurate  timings  (to emulate the analog modem sounds),  which  is
     not easily possible on the Unix approach to scheduling.
  
     The  good news is that people are facing the challenge and  try  to
   ----- xac ends -----

--- Msged/LNX 6.1.1
 * Origin: By order of the king, the city must empty. (1:153/401.2)